This Era Is the Most Pivotal in Human History
Throughout the sprawling saga of human history, every period has proclaimed its moment as the defining pivot, crafting narratives of grandeur and crisis that cast it as the fulcrum of destiny. From the marble-clad majesty of Ancient Rome to the nuclear-shadowed tensions of the Cold War, each age believed its challenges were unparalleled, shaping the course of civilization. Yet, as we stand in this era, confronting a convergence of existential threats—artificial intelligence (AI) poised to redefine the essence of humanity, nuclear arsenals capable of annihilating billions, pandemics that exploit global connectivity, and the corrosive spread of socialist propaganda promoting disgusting narratives around race and climate alarmism—these earlier times appear as mere preludes. This era is not merely another chapter but the most pivotal moment in human history, distinguished by the unprecedented scale, velocity, and interconnectedness of its challenges, which dwarf the stakes of all prior periods and position our decisions as the ultimate determinants of humanity’s survival or demise.
Unlike the regionally confined or singular crises of the past, the threats of this age are global, rapid, and interwoven, possessing the potential to irrevocably alter or extinguish humanity’s trajectory. The transformative power of AI, the catastrophic might of nuclear weapons, the relentless spread of engineered pathogens, and the destabilizing force of socialist ideologies converge to create a crucible without historical parallel. By meticulously dissecting these threats against the backdrop of past ages, this analysis demonstrates why the present stands alone as the ultimate hinge of history, where the choices we make will echo across millennia, determining whether humanity ascends to new heights or collapses into oblivion.
Historical Ages: Significant but Constrained in Impact
To fully appreciate the unparalleled significance of this period, a comprehensive examination of historical ages is essential, revealing their transformative roles but also their limitations when measured against the global and existential stakes of today. Each age, while monumental in its context, operated within geographic, technological, or existential constraints that pale beside the multifaceted challenges we face now.
Ancient Rome: The Illusion of Eternal Dominion
Ancient Rome, spanning from approximately 27 BC to 476 AD, stood as a colossus of human achievement, its citizens convinced that their empire was the eternal heart of civilization. The poet Virgil’s Aeneid, composed between 29 and 19 BC, portrayed Rome as divinely ordained to impose order on the world, a narrative that resonated deeply during the Pax Romana, a stretch of relative stability from 27 BC to 180 AD. Rome’s dominion stretched across three continents, from the misty hills of Britannia to the sun-scorched sands of Mesopotamia, approximately 35% of the global population at the time.
This vast empire was sustained by an intricate infrastructure of roads, stretching over 250,000 miles, aqueducts delivering water to urban centers, and monumental architecture like the Colosseum, completed in 80 AD, which could seat 50,000 spectators and symbolized Rome’s unassailable might.
Intellectual and legal advancements further reinforced Rome’s self-perception as eternal. The Ulpian Library in Trajan’s Forum, established in the early 2nd century AD, rivaled Alexandria’s scholarly prestige, housing thousands of scrolls and serving as a beacon of knowledge. The codification of Roman law in the Twelve Tables around 450 BC provided a foundation for Western jurisprudence, influencing legal systems for centuries. Emperor Augustus’s Res Gestae Divi Augusti, inscribed on bronze tablets, chronicled his conquests and civic works, from restoring 82 temples to building the Forum Augustum, cementing Rome’s image as the apex of human governance. Historians like Livy, in his History of Rome, framed the city’s rise as a divine saga, while the Senate’s debates, recorded by Tacitus, reflected a society confident in its permanence.
Yet, Rome’s collapse in 476 AD, precipitated by a cascade of barbarian invasions, economic instability, and administrative overreach, exposed its fragility. The Visigothic sack of Rome in 410 AD, described by St. Augustine as a divine rebuke in City of God, stunned a civilization that believed itself invincible. The empire’s fall was not a global catastrophe; the Byzantine Empire continued in the East, preserving Roman law and culture, and humanity’s survival was never at stake. Rome’s crises, affecting a regional population, lacked the existential weight of today’s threats. Its legacy in law, language, and governance was profound, but its challenges were confined by the limits of pre-modern technology and connectivity, rendering it a significant but not globally consequential age.
Medieval Europe: Apocalyptic Fears in a Fragmented World
Medieval Europe, from the 5th to 15th centuries, was a tapestry of faith and fear, its worldview shaped by Christian eschatology that interpreted calamities as harbingers of the apocalypse. The Black Death, raging from 1347 to 1351, was the most devastating of these, claiming up to one-third of Europe’s population—an estimated 50 million lives. Chroniclers like Giovanni Boccaccio, in The Decameron, painted a harrowing picture of societal collapse, with “the living scarcely able to bury the dead.” The Great Famine of 1315–1317, triggered by climatic shifts and incessant rains, compounded this misery, causing mass starvation across Northern Europe. Chronicler Jean Froissart described villages where “men and women died in the streets,” their bodies left unburied as communities disintegrated. These crises fueled penitential movements, such as the flagellants, who roamed cities whipping themselves to appease divine wrath, as recorded by Henry of Herford. Artistic expressions, like the Lübeck Totentanz of 1463, depicted skeletons leading nobles and peasants alike to their graves, a stark reminder of mortality’s universality.
The Black Death’s aftermath was transformative, as labor shortages empowered peasants, weakened feudal structures, and spurred economic shifts, as historian Barbara Tuchman details in A Distant Mirror. The Magna Carta of 1215, though initially a baronial pact, laid early foundations for constitutional governance, influencing later democratic ideals. The establishment of universities, such as Bologna (1088) and Oxford (1096), fostered intellectual growth, preserving knowledge through monastic scriptoria. Yet, the Black Death’s impact was confined to Europe and parts of Asia, sparing the Americas, Africa, and Oceania. Medieval Europe’s population, roughly 100 million at its peak, was a fraction of today’s 8 billion, and its crises lacked the global reach of modern threats. The Renaissance, sparked by scholars like Petrarch who rediscovered classical texts, followed in the 14th century, proving that these apocalyptic fears were not the end but a precursor to cultural renewal. The absence of technologies to amplify these crises across continents limited their significance compared to the global stakes of this period.
Victorian Era: Industrial Triumphs with Regional Limits
The Victorian era, from 1837 to 1901, was an age of unbridled optimism, with Britain proclaiming itself the pinnacle of human civilization through the lens of industrial progress. The Industrial Revolution, powered by steam engines and mechanized manufacturing, transformed economies, enabling mass production of textiles, iron, and machinery. Factories in Manchester and Birmingham churned out goods that fueled global trade, as historian T. S. Ashton chronicles in The Industrial Revolution. The Great Exhibition of 1851, held in London’s Crystal Palace—a glass-and-iron marvel spanning 990,000 square feet—showcased innovations like the telegraph, the steam locomotive, and the Corliss engine, drawing 6 million visitors and symbolizing Britain’s technological supremacy. The British Empire, spanning a quarter of the globe and ruling over 400 million people, was framed as a civilizing mission, with administrators like Lord Macaulay advocating English education in colonies through his 1835 Minute on Education. Victorian literature, from Charles Dickens’s Hard Times to Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre, and architecture, like the neo-Gothic Houses of Parliament, celebrated this time’s achievements as the zenith of human endeavor.
Beneath this veneer of progress, however, lay stark inequalities. Urban slums in London housed millions in squalor, with child labor rampant in factories, as Dickens exposed in Oliver Twist. Colonial unrest, such as the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857 in India, which killed thousands and shook British rule, revealed the empire’s fragility, as reported in The Illustrated London News. Charles Darwin’s On the Origin of Species in 1859 ignited intellectual debates, challenging religious orthodoxy and prompting articles in The Athenaeum that grappled with humanity’s place in nature. The expansion of railways, with 20,000 miles of track in Britain by 1900, and the telegraph, connecting London to Bombay by 1870, accelerated global trade but also highlighted disparities, as colonial economies were exploited to fuel industrial growth. The Victorian era’s achievements were transformative, driving urbanization and global trade, but they were geographically uneven, primarily affecting industrialized nations like Britain, France, and the United States. Its challenges—social inequality, imperial overreach, and scientific controversies—did not pose existential risks to humanity’s survival. The era’s global impact was limited by the absence of instantaneous communication and the relatively slow pace of technological dissemination compared to today’s interconnected world.
Cold War: A Singular Threat Contained
The Cold War, from 1947 to 1991, marked a new age of existential dread, as the United States and Soviet Union amassed nuclear arsenals capable of obliterating civilization. The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, which killed over 100,000 people in seconds, demonstrated nuclear technology’s apocalyptic potential, as vividly captured in John Hersey’s Hiroshima. The Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, a 13-day standoff over Soviet missiles in Cuba, brought the world to the brink of annihilation, with President John F. Kennedy estimating a one-in-three chance of nuclear war, as detailed in Robert F. Kennedy’s Thirteen Days. The doctrine of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) deterred direct conflict but fueled public anxiety, reflected in cultural works like Stanley Kubrick’s Dr. Strangelove and government campaigns promoting fallout shelters, which Life magazine documented in 1961. A near-miss in 1983, when Soviet systems misinterpreted a NATO exercise as a prelude to attack, underscored the risk of accidental escalation, as Eric Schlosser recounts in Command and Control. The arms race, with the US and USSR stockpiling 70,000 warheads at its peak, consumed trillions, diverting resources from social programs and intensifying global tensions.
The Cold War’s nuclear threat was global, unlike Rome’s regional collapse or medieval plagues, and its potential to end humanity was real. However, it was a singular threat, focused on nuclear conflict between two superpowers, and was ultimately managed through diplomatic efforts. Arms control agreements, such as the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) treaties of 1972 and 1979, reduced warhead numbers, while the Soviet Union’s collapse in 1991 ended the bipolar standoff, as historian Robert Service describes in The End of the Cold War. The era’s technological advancements, such as the Apollo program’s moon landing in 1969, showcased human ingenuity, but its geopolitical structure—dominated by two powers—allowed for predictable negotiations. Today’s threats, by contrast, are multifaceted and less manageable, amplified by a multipolar world and technological complexities that defy the Cold War’s containment strategies.
The Unprecedented Threats Defining This Age
The existential risks of this age are unparalleled in their scope, speed, and interconnectedness, setting them apart from the challenges of any historical period. The convergence of artificial intelligence, nuclear risks, pandemics, and socialist propaganda creates a nexus of threats that could reshape or extinguish human civilization, with no precedent in Rome’s legal triumphs, medieval calamities, Victorian progress, or Cold War tensions.
Artificial Intelligence: A Revolution Beyond Human Control
Artificial intelligence represents the most transformative force of this time, surpassing the Industrial Revolution’s impact by orders of magnitude. AI systems have already revolutionized industries and societal functions. In healthcare, algorithms like those developed by Google Health diagnose breast cancer with 95% accuracy, outperforming human radiologists. In finance, high-frequency trading algorithms, which execute millions of trades per second, account for over 50% of stock market volume, as Michael Lewis documents in The Flash Boys. In creative domains, AI models generate novels, compose symphonies, and produce artwork indistinguishable from human creations, with studies showing they outperform humans in ideation speed and cost. The 2017 AlphaGo victory over world champion Lee Sedol, where Google’s AI mastered a game of infinite complexity, marked a turning point, demonstrating AI’s ability to outthink humans in strategic domains, as Garry Kasparov reflects in Deep Thinking.
The prospect of artificial general intelligence (AGI), capable of surpassing human cognition across all domains, looms as a transformative and perilous frontier. Unlike steam engines or telegraphs, AGI could automate entire economies, reshape geopolitical power, or enable totalitarian surveillance states. A misaligned AGI, as philosopher Nick Bostrom warns in Superintelligence, could pursue goals contrary to human interests, triggering economic collapse, autonomous warfare, or global surveillance within years. The Manhattan Project took five years to develop nuclear weapons; AI capabilities double roughly every 18 months, driven by companies like DeepMind, xAI, and OpenAI. This rapid pace outstrips regulatory efforts, with initiatives like the EU AI Act struggling to achieve global consensus amid competing national interests. The 2018 Cambridge Analytica scandal, where AI-driven misinformation influenced elections, illustrated the stakes of unregulated technology. Unlike Victorian innovations, which spread over decades, AI’s impact unfolds in months, making this period’s governance decisions uniquely consequential.
Nuclear Risks: A Multiplying Catastrophe
Nuclear arsenals remain a catastrophic threat, with nine nations possessing approximately 12,500 warheads, a stockpile capable of destroying humanity multiple times over. Modern delivery systems, such as hypersonic missiles traveling at Mach 10, reduce reaction times to minutes, while cyber vulnerabilities amplify risks. Geopolitical tensions, such as those between India and Pakistan or the United States and Russia, persist, with flashpoints like Kashmir or Ukraine threatening escalation. The growing concern of non-state actors acquiring nuclear materials, as reported by the International Atomic Energy Agency, adds another layer of unpredictability. A large-scale nuclear exchange could kill 5 billion people within hours and trigger a nuclear winter, collapsing agricultural systems for decades, as Daniel Ellsberg details in The Doomsday Machine.
The Cold War’s bipolar structure allowed for deterrence through Mutually Assured Destruction, but today’s multipolar world, with multiple nuclear powers and asymmetric threats, makes stability elusive. The 2017 WannaCry cyberattack, attributed to North Korea, disrupted global systems, including NHS hospitals in the UK, showing how cyberattacks could disable nuclear command structures. Unlike the Cuban Missile Crisis, resolved through direct US-Soviet communication, modern crises involve a web of actors, from state sponsors to rogue groups, complicating diplomacy. Rome’s fall or medieval plagues affected millions; a nuclear war today could erase billions instantly, with no historical parallel in scale or immediacy.
Pandemics: A Global Vulnerability
Pandemics, amplified by global connectivity, pose a threat unimaginable in earlier times. The COVID-19 pandemic, which claimed over 7 million lives, exposed vulnerabilities in global health systems, disrupting economies and supply chains. Advances in biotechnology, such as CRISPR gene-editing, enable the creation of engineered pathogens with unprecedented lethality, as Jennifer Doudna discusses in A Crack in Creation. A modern equivalent of the 1918 influenza, which killed 50 million, could kill 100 million today due to urbanization and global travel networks. The 2001 anthrax attacks, though limited to five deaths, demonstrated bioterrorism’s potential, with the FBI tracing the attacks to a US scientist. Global air travel, with 4 billion passenger trips annually, means a virus could spread worldwide in days, as seen in COVID-19’s rapid global transmission.
Unlike the Black Death, which was confined to Eurasia and took years to spread, modern pandemics can paralyze global supply chains within weeks. The 2020 semiconductor shortage, triggered by pandemic-related disruptions, cost $500 billion and delayed production across industries. Only 20% of nations meet World Health Organization preparedness standards, leaving global health systems ill-equipped for engineered pathogens or bioterrorism. Medieval Europe’s plagues were devastating but regional; this age’s pandemics are global, exploiting connectivity and biotechnology in ways that dwarf historical precedents.
Socialist Propaganda: A Corrosive Ideology
Socialist propaganda, cloaked as social justice, promotes divisive narratives that threaten societal cohesion and economic vitality. Narratives around systemic racism, climate alarmism, and other social issues, often exaggerated for political gain, foster resentment and polarization. Historical examples illustrate socialism’s destructive legacy: the Soviet Union’s collectivization policies caused famines that killed millions, with Ukraine’s Holodomor (1932–1933) alone claiming 7 million lives; Venezuela’s socialist regime, through oil nationalization and price controls, led to hyperinflation of 1.7 million percent by 2018, forcing 7 million to flee and slashing GDP by 65%. Maoist China’s Cultural Revolution, fueled by propaganda glorifying class struggle, killed at least 20 million and stalled development for a decade.
Economist Friedrich Hayek warned in The Road to Serfdom that central planning erodes freedom and efficiency, a lesson borne out by Cuba’s post-1959 nationalizations, which reduced GDP per capita to $9,000 compared to $70,000 in the US. In this time, socialist propaganda manifests in policies like wealth taxes or universal basic income, which critics argue disincentivize innovation and mirror Venezuela’s collapse. The 2011 Occupy Wall Street movement, while highlighting inequality, produced no viable policies, instead fueling division, as reported by The Guardian. Unlike medieval religious fervor, which unified communities, socialist rhetoric vilifies dissenters, stifling debate and risking societal fragmentation. Amplified by social media platforms reaching 2 billion users, this propaganda spreads faster than Soviet pamphlets, posing a unique threat to resilience in the face of other existential risks.
Massive American Debt Crises
The U.S. debt crisis, encompassing federal, state, and personal debt, threatens economic collapse, amplifying this era’s existential risks. The federal debt, at $33.5 trillion (122% of GDP), is projected to hit $50 trillion by 2033, per the Congressional Budget Office. Annual interest payments, now $660 billion, will reach $1.2 trillion by 2030, consuming 20% of the budget and squeezing defense, healthcare, and infrastructure. Driven by chronic deficits—$1.7 trillion in 2023 alone—this debt is a fiscal crisis if rates rise or foreign investors, holding $7.6 trillion in U.S. Treasuries, lose confidence, potentially crashing the dollar and global markets.
State debt totals $1.3 trillion, including $600 billion in bonds and $700 billion in unfunded pension liabilities, with California ($145 billion debt, $400 billion pensions) and New York ($160 billion debt, $250 billion pensions) at risk of default, per the U.S. Census Bureau and Pew Charitable Trusts. These obligations strain budgets, with 30 states facing structural deficits, limiting disaster response or biosecurity funding.
Personal debt stands at $17.8 trillion: $12.5 trillion in mortgages (30-year rates at 7.5%), $1.7 trillion in student loans (45 million borrowers), $1.2 trillion in auto loans, and $1 trillion in credit cards, per the Federal Reserve. Delinquencies are spiking—9% for credit cards, 8% for auto loans—with 43% of households unable to cover a $1,000 emergency, signaling financial distress.
This debt crisis, unlike Victorian economic woes, will destabilize the global economy due to the dollar’s reserve status, held by 60% of central banks. A U.S. default or market panic will trigger a $15 trillion global contraction, dwarfing 2008’s $10 trillion crash, and weaken responses to AI, nuclear, or pandemic threats. Socialist policies pushing higher spending, like universal income, exacerbate this peril, undermining fiscal resilience in a hyper-connected world.
Global Interconnectedness: The Ultimate Amplifier
The global interconnectedness of this period is a force multiplier, elevating its threats beyond any historical precedent. The world’s 8 billion people are linked by instantaneous communication, global trade, and rapid travel. The 2008 financial crisis, sparked by US subprime mortgages, cost $10 trillion globally, affecting markets from Tokyo to London. Supply chains are so integrated that a single disruption, like the 2021 Suez Canal blockage, delayed $9.6 billion in daily trade. Private space exploration, with companies like SpaceX launching 60% of global satellites, introduces new geopolitical tensions, as Christian Davenport explores in The New Space Race. Cyberattacks, such as the 2021 Colonial Pipeline hack, which disrupted US fuel supplies and cost $4.4 million in ransom, exploit digital infrastructure absent in earlier times.
Social media platforms accelerate the spread of socialist propaganda, with algorithms amplifying divisive content to billions in hours. Air travel, with 4 billion annual passengers, enables pandemics to spread globally in days, unlike the Black Death’s slow march. AI failures could crash interconnected markets overnight, and nuclear miscalculations could escalate through cyber-linked systems. Rome’s empire, the Victorian economy, and even Cold War alliances were fragmented by comparison; their crises were contained by geography and time. This period’s hyper-connectivity ensures that every threat—AI, nuclear, pandemic, or ideological—has immediate, global repercussions, making the stakes exponentially higher.
The Stakes of Our Decisions
The decisions of this age will shape humanity’s fate more decisively than any before. Governing AI requires global frameworks to prevent catastrophic misalignment, a task dwarfing Cold War arms talks. Nuclear de-escalation demands navigating a multipolar world, with 40% of warheads outside US-Russian control, unlike the 95% in 1972. Biosecurity must counter biotechnological leaps, with tools like CRISPR enabling pathogen creation in labs worldwide. Resisting socialist propaganda requires defending free markets and societal unity, learning from the Soviet Union’s collapse, which left Russia’s GDP at $260 billion in 1999, and Venezuela’s crisis, where 80% of citizens live in poverty. Policies promoting innovation, like South Korea’s economic miracle, which grew GDP from $2 billion in 1960 to $1.7 trillion, offer a counter-model.
Scientific discoveries, such as potential exoplanet biosignatures, raise profound questions about humanity’s cosmic role, amplifying the philosophical stakes. Unlike Rome’s legal codes or Victorian railways, this age’s challenges could end or redefine civilization. The Industrial Revolution unfolded over decades; AI’s impact surges in months. The Black Death killed 50 million; a nuclear war or AGI failure could erase 8 billion. Socialist propaganda threatens resilience, unlike the unifying faiths of the past. The choices we make—on technology, security, and ideology—will determine whether humanity thrives or perishes.
Conclusion: The Ultimate Hinge of History
This era stands as the most pivotal in human history, surpassing the trials of Ancient Rome, Medieval Europe, the Victorian era, and the Cold War. Rome’s collapse disrupted 70 million lives; today’s threats would annihilate 8 billion. Medieval plagues ravaged regions; pandemics now encircle the globe in days. Victorian progress reshaped economies; AI could redefine humanity itself. The Cold War’s nuclear peril was singular; this era’s risks—AI, nuclear war, pandemics, and socialist propaganda—are multifaceted and amplified by global connectivity. The Soviet Union and Venezuela’s socialist failures warn of propaganda’s ruinous potential, a threat magnified by digital platforms. This is not merely a chapter but the hinge upon which history turns, where our decisions will forge or fracture humanity’s future, unmatched by any moment before.
Table: Comparison of Historical and Current Threats
|
Era |
Key Challenges |
Scope |
Existential Risk |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Ancient Rome |
Barbarian invasions, economic decline, political instability |
Regional (70 million people) |
Low; civilization continued via Byzantium (Ancient Rome, Encyclopædia Britannica) |
|
Medieval Europe |
Black Death, famines, religious conflicts |
Regional (Europe, parts of Asia) |
Low; no global impact (The Black Death, Norman F. Cantor) |
|
Victorian Era |
Social inequality, imperial tensions, industrial challenges |
Primarily industrialized nations |
Low; not existential (The Victorian Era, History.com) |
|
Cold War |
Nuclear threat, superpower rivalry |
Global but singular (nuclear-focused) |
High but managed (Nuclear Weapons and the Cold War, Stanford University Press) |
|
This Era |
AI, nuclear risks, pandemics, socialist propaganda |
Global (8 billion people), interconnected |
Extremely high; multiple existential threats (Superintelligence, Nick Bostrom) |
References:
-
Aeneid, Virgil, trans. A. Mandelbaum, 1971.
-
Ancient Rome, Encyclopædia Britannica, 2023.
-
Roman Law, Cambridge University Press, 2015.
-
Res Gestae Divi Augusti, Augustus, trans. Alison E. Cooley, 2009.
-
City of God, St. Augustine, trans. Henry Bettenson, 1972.
-
The Decameron, Giovanni Boccaccio, trans. G. H. McWilliam, 2003.
-
Chronicles, Jean Froissart, trans. Geoffrey Brereton, 1968.
-
The Black Death, Norman F. Cantor, 2001.
-
Plague in the Ancient & Medieval World, World History Encyclopedia, 2020.
-
A Distant Mirror, Barbara Tuchman, 1978.
-
Magna Carta, J. C. Holt, 1992.
-
The Renaissance, Paul Johnson, 2000.
-
The Industrial Revolution, T. S. Ashton, 1948.
-
The Great Exhibition, Jeffrey Auerbach, 1999.
-
The British Empire, Niall Ferguson, 2002.
-
Hard Times, Charles Dickens, 1854.
-
The Victorian City, Judith Flanders, 2012.
-
The Darwinian Revolution, Michael Ruse, 1999.
-
Hiroshima, John Hersey, 1946.
-
Thirteen Days, Robert F. Kennedy, 1969.
-
Nuclear Weapons and the Cold War, Stanford University Press, 2017.
-
Command and Control, Eric Schlosser, 2013.
-
The End of the Cold War, Robert Service, 2015.
-
SIPRI Yearbook 2024, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.
-
The Doomsday Machine, Daniel Ellsberg, 2017.
-
AI in Healthcare, Nature Medicine, 2023.
-
The Flash Boys, Michael Lewis, 2014.
-
Superintelligence, Nick Bostrom, 2014.
-
Deep Thinking, Garry Kasparov, 2017.
-
AI Governance, Center for Security and Emerging Technology, 2024.
-
Cybersecurity and Nuclear Risk, Nuclear Threat Initiative, 2023.
-
WHO Coronavirus Dashboard, 2023.
-
The Great Influenza, John M. Barry, 2004.
-
Bioterrorism, CDC, 2023.
-
The Global Supply Chain Crisis, Bloomberg, 2021.
-
Global Health Security Index, 2023.
-
The New Space Race, Christian Davenport, 2019.
-
The Search for Life in the Universe, Donald Goldsmith & Tobias Owen, 2001.
-
The Global Financial Crisis, Marc Allen Eisner, 2011.
-
Cybersecurity Threats, FBI, 2023.
-
The Collapse of the Soviet Union, David R. Marples, 2004.
-
Venezuela’s Economic Collapse, Ricardo Hausmann, Foreign Affairs, 2019.
-
The Road to Serfdom, Friedrich Hayek, 1944.
-
The Cost of Riots, Axios, 2020.
-
We Are the 99 Percent, Karen McVeigh, The Guardian, 2011.
-
Trade Impacts of COVID-19, WTO, 2020.
-
Social Media Statistics, Statista, 2023.
-
A Crack in Creation, Jennifer Doudna, 2017.
-
Post-Soviet Decline, World Bank, 2000.
-
Venezuela Poverty, UNDP, 2023.
-
The Miracle on the Han River, Economic History Review, 2018.